Transformation of sentences

MD. MONZURUL ISLAM

Asst. Professor of English

Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College, Jessore

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Transformation of sentences

On the basis of their communicative function sentences may be classified into five types.

Assertive: He is a good boy.
Interrogative: Do you know him? What do you want?
Imperative: Post the letter.
Optative: May you live long.
Exclamatory: How beautiful the flower is!

Assertive sentences `yB cÖKvit

Affirmative: nu¨v †evaK : I play football.
Negative: bv †evaK : He never plays football.

Negative G iƒcvšÍi

Rule-1. Affirmative Sentence ‡K Negative Kivi mgq D³ sentence Gi gaw¯’Z Opposite Word em‡e Ges D³ kãwUi c~‡e© not e‡m|

Aff: I shall remember you. Neg: I shall not forget you.

Aff: This was an extra-ordinary ship. Neg: ..................................

Rule-2. ‡Kvb Sentence-Gi cÖ_‡g Every _vK‡j There is no ................ but w`‡q Negative Ki‡Z nq|

Aff: Everybody hates a liar. Neg: There is nobody but hates a liar.

Aff: Every mother loves her child. Neg: ...................................................

Rule-3. ‡Kvb Sentence-G Ôonly’ ev Ôalone’ _vK‡j Sentence-Gi ïiæ‡Z None but ewm‡q Negative Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e e¯‘i †¶‡Î Ôonly’ Gi ¯’v‡b ÔNothing but e‡m|

Aff: Only he can do this. Neg: None but he can do this.

Aff: Allah alone can help us. Neg: ......................................

Rule-4. Sentence – Gi cÖ_‡g As soon as _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© No sooner had Ges Kgv (,) Gi cwie‡Z© than ewm‡q Negative Ki‡Z nq|

Aff: As soon as he arrived, we welcomed him

Neg: No sooner had he arrived than we welcomed him.

Aff: As soon as the teacher entered the class, the students stood up.

Neg: .............................................................................................

RuIe-5. Too .......... to hy³ Affirmative Sentence ‡K Negative Ki‡Z n‡j too Gi cwie‡Z© so e‡m Ges wb‡Pi structure Abyhvqx Negative Ki‡Z nq|

( Sub. + verb + so + adjective + that + subject + cannot / could not + verb + extension)

Aff: He is too weak to walk. Neg: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Aff: He was too poor to buy a car. Neg: ......................................................

Affirmative - G iƒcvšÍi

Rule-6. Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g ÔNone but’ _vK‡j only w`‡q Affirmative Sentence Ki‡Z nq|

Neg: None but the brave deserve the fair. Aff: Only the brave deserve the fair.

Neg: None but you can do it. Aff: ..................................................

Rule-7. Sentence G `No sooner had’ _vK‡j Affirmative Sentence G No sooner had Gi cwie‡Z©

ÔAs soon as’ n‡e Ges than Gi cwie‡Z© Kgv (,) n‡e|

(i) Neg: No sooner had I seen the bird than it flew away.

(ii) Aff: As soon as I saw the bird, it flew away.

(iii) Neg: No sooner had the principal entered the meeting than the meeting started.

(iv) Aff: ......................................................................................................................

Rule-8. Interrogative Sentence G Who _vK‡j everybody w`‡q Affirmative Ki‡Z nq|

Int: Who does not like a flower? Aff: Everybody likes a flower.

Int: Who does not wish to be happy? Aff: ...................................

Assertive G iƒcvšÍi

Exclamatory to Assertive:

Rule-9. How, what hy³ Exclamatory sentence-‡K Assertive Kivi mgq

(a) How, what BZ¨vw` kã¸‡jv D‡V hvq

(b) Subject + Verb + (a / an) + very / great + evKx Ask e‡m

(i) Excl: How charming the scenery is! Ass: The scenery is very charming.

(ii) Excl: What a big river the Padma is! Ass: ...............................................

Rule-10. Had / Could _vK‡j Wish Øviv Assertive Kiv nq |

(i) Excl: Had I the wings of a bird! Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird.

(ii) Excl: Could I go home in time! Ass: ...............................................

Interrogative to Assertive:

Rule-11. Interrogative Sentence - wU Negative n‡j Zv Affirmative n‡e Ges Who _vK‡j Who Gi cwie‡Z© Everybody n‡e|

(i) Int: Who does not like a flower? Ass: Everybody likes a flower.

(ii) Int: Who has not heard of it? Ass: ........................................

Rule- 12. Interrogative Sentence - wU Affirmative n‡j Zv Negative n‡e Ges Who _vK‡j Who Gi cwie‡Z© None ev Nobody n‡e|

(i) Int : Who is happier than you? Ass: None is happier than you.

(ii) Int : Who can do it? Ass: .....................................

Interrogative G iƒcvšÍi

Rule-13. Auxilary verb hy³ Assertive Sentence wU hw` Affirmative nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Interrogative-G cwieZ©‡bi mgq cÖ_g Ôbe’ verb-Gi mv‡_ n’t e‡m| Zvici Subject e‡m Ges evwK Ask e‡m| me †k‡l cÖkœ‡evaK wPü e‡m| wKš‘ Negative n‡j ïaygvÎ Ôbe’ verb em‡e Ges Negative kãwU D‡V hv‡e|

(i) Ass: He is a great scholar. Int: Isn’t he a great scholar?

(ii) Ass: It is a beautiful scenery. Int: .....................................

(iii) Ass: It is not a bad thing. Int: Is it a bad thing?

(iv) Ass: He is not a good player. Int: ......................................

Rule-14. Auxilary verb wenxb Assertive sentence- ‡K Interrogative Kivi mgq cÖ_‡g Tense Abymv‡i Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t e‡m Ges Subject e‡m| Zvici g~j verb I evwK Ask e‡m|

(i) Ass: He plays football. Int: Doesn’t he play football?

(ii) Ass: Jerry liked the late spring. Int: .....................................

Rule-15. All / Everybody / Everyone hw` Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Z‡e G¸‡jv‡K Who ‡Z cwiYZ K‡i Interrogative Ki‡Z nq| Affirmative _vK‡j negative, Negative _vK‡j Affirmative nq |

(i) Ass: All love Allah. Int: Who does not love Allah?

(ii) Ass: Everybody likes flower. Int: .........................................

(iii) Ass: None can do it. Int: Who can do it?

(iv) Ass: Nobody trusts a liar. Int: ........................................

Exclamatory:

Rule-16. Assertive Sentence ‡K Exclamatory Sentence- G iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq-

(a) Adjective Gi c~‡e© article `a’ _vK‡j What Øviv Sentence wU ïiæ Ki‡Z nq Ges Ab¨vb¨ ‡¶‡Î How Øviv ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|

(b) What ( a/ an)/ how + adjective + Subject + Verb + Ext.

(i) Ass: The girl is very beautiful. Excl: How beautiful the girl is!

(ii) Ass: The scenery is very charming. Excl: .........................................

(iii) Ass: It is a very beautiful bird. Excl: What a beautiful bird it is!

(iv) Ass: It is a very interesting story. Excl: .........................................

Simple, Compound , Complex Gi cvi¯úwiK iæcvšÍi

MVb‡f‡` Sentence wZb cÖKvi |

1. Simple (mij)

2.Complex (†hŠwMK)

3.Compound (RwUj)

A. Simple Sentence: ‡h Sentence – G GKwU gvÎ Subject Ges GKwU gvÎ Finite verb _v‡K Zv‡K Simple Sentence e‡j | Going to market, I bought a book.

B. Compound Sentence: ‡h Sentence – G `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Principal Clause _v‡K Ges G¸‡jv And , but , or, yet BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ nq Zv‡K Compound Sentence e‡j |

He was poor but he was honest.

C. Complex Sentence: ‡h Sentence – G GKwU Principal Clause _v‡K Ges GK ev GKvwaK Subordinate Clause _v‡K Zv‡K Complex Sentence e‡j| We know that he is an honest man.

Complex Sentence G Subordinate Clause wU mvavibZ; though, although, till, until, before, after, unless, since, as, if, because, who, which, that, where, when, how, whom, that BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ nq|

Complex to Compound

Rule-17. Since / As / When hy³ Complex Sentence ‡K Compound Kivi mgq Since / As / When BZ¨vw` D‡V hvq Ges `ywU Clause Gi gv‡S and e‡m |

Complex: Since the old man was weak, he could not go to the court.

Compound: The old man was weak and he could not go to the court.

Complex: As I was busy, I could not attend the meeting. Compound: .........................................

Rule-18. Though / Although hy³ Complex sentence ‡K Compound Kivi mgq G¸‡jv D‡V hvq Ges (,) Gi cwie‡Z© but e‡m |

Complex: Though I was burned with question, I could not ask.

Compound: I was burned with question but I could not ask.

Complex: Though he was ill, he went to college. Compound: ....................................................

Rule-19. Relative Pronoun hy³ Complex sentence ‡K Compound Kivi mgq Relative Pronoun Gi cwie‡Z© and e‡m | Ges `yB cv‡k `ywU clause e‡m |

Complex: The writer took a cabin that was small.

Compound: The writer took a cabin and it was small.

Complex: I saw a bird that was blue. Compound: .......................................................

Rule-20. If hy³ Complex sentence ‡K Compound Kivi wbqg t

(i) If †_‡K verb Gi c~e© ch©šÍ D‡V hvq |

(ii) Sentence Negative n‡j Kgv (,) Gi ¯’v‡b or Ges Affirmative n‡j Kgv (,) Gi ¯’v‡b and e‡m |

(iii) evKx Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K

Complex: If you do not move, you will die. Compound: Move or you will die.

Complex: If you play well you will win the match. Compound: Play well and you will win the match.

Complex: If you meet me, I will go with you. Compound: ....................................................

Simple to Compound

Rule -21. Participle hy³ simple sentence ‡K Compound Kivi mgq ----

(i) wØZxq As‡ki Subject cÖ_‡g e‡m |

(ii) wØZxq As‡ki tense Abymv‡i cÖ_g As‡ki tense MVb Ki‡Z nq |

(iii) (,) Gi cwie‡Z© and evKx Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K |

Simple: Having forgotten him, I went out. Compound: I had forgotten him and I went out.

Simple: Coming home, he began to work. Compound: He came home and he began to work.

Simple: Seeing the police, the thief went away. Compound: ......................................................

Rule-22. too + adj+ to hy³ simple †K Compound Kivi wbqg t

(i) too Gi cwie‡Z© very e‡m Ges to Gi c~e© ch©šZ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K |

(ii) to Gi cwie‡Z© and e‡m I cybivq subject e‡m |

(iii) tense Abymv‡i cannot / could not e‡m Ges to Gi ciewZ© Ask e‡m |

Simple: He is too poor to buy a car. Compound: He is very poor and he cannot buy a car.

Simple: I was too busy to meet you. Compound: ..............................................................

Compound to Complex

Rule: 23. ‘And’ _vK‡j KviY eySv‡j Since / As e‡m Ges mgq eySv‡j When e‡m|

Compound : I was ill and I could not attend the meeting.

Complex : Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Compound : The dog lay close to him and found a comfort there.

Complex : ......................................................................

Rule-24. ‘But’ _vK‡j Though/ Although e‡m|

Compound : He worked hard but could not succeed in life.

Complex : Though he worked hard, he could not succeed in life.

Compound : He is poor but he is honest. Complex: .....................................................

Rule-25. ‘Or’ hy³ Compound Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi mgq--

(i) cÖ_‡g If+ subject e‡m|

(ii) do not e‡m Ges Zvici cÖ_g Clause e‡m|

(iii) or Gi cwie‡Z© Kgv (,) e‡m Ges wØZxq Clause e‡m|

Compound : Work hard or you cannot prosper in life.

Complex : If you do not work hard, you cannot prosper in life.

Compound : Move or you will die. Complex : ....................................................

Simple to Complex

Rule-26. Participle hy³ Simple Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi mgq-

(i) wØZxq Ask Abyhvqx cÖ_g As‡ki Tense cwiewZ©Z nq|

(ii) cÖ_g Ask Øviv KviY eySv‡j Since/ As Ges mgq eySv‡j When e‡m|

Simple : Closing the door, I went back to work.

Complex : When I closed the door, I went back to work.

Simple : Having forgotten him, I went out. Complex : ………..............................................

Rule-27. Too + adj. + to hy³ Simple Sentence- ‡K Complex Kivi mgq-

(i) Too Gi cwie‡Z© so e‡m Ges to Gi c~e© ch©šÍ wVK _v‡K|

(ii) to Gi cwie‡Z© that e‡m I cybivq subject e‡m|

(iii) tense Abymv‡i cannot/could not e‡m|

(iv) to Gi cieZx© Ask e‡m|

Simple : He is too weak to walk. Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

Simple : They walked too slowly to catch the bus. Complex : .....................................................

Rule-28. D‡Ïk¨g~jK Simple Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi mgq-

(i) To Gi c~e© ch©šÍ wVK _v‡K + so that + subject Gi pronoun + Tense Abymv‡i may/can, might/could e‡m + to Gi cieZx© Ask e‡m|

Simple : The authoress wanted quite isolation to do some troublesome writing.

Complex : The authoress wanted quite isolation so that she could do some troublesome writing.

Simple : He works hard to prosper in life. Complex : ........................................................

Rule-29. Because of _vK‡j Since Ges Inspite of _vK‡j Though/Although e‡m +

Subject , Verb mn c~Y© - Clause e‡m + cieZx© Clause e‡m|

Simple : Inspite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.

Complex : Though he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Simple : Because of my illness, I could not attend the function.

Complex : ...............................................................................

Rule-30. Subject + Verb + Object + Present Participle hy³ Simple Sentence ‡K Complex Sentence Kivi wbqgt

(i) cÖ_‡g Subject + Verb + Objective + Relative Pronoun e‡m|

(ii) Zvici Tense Abyhvqx to be verb e‡m|

(iii) Participle hy&³ Ask e‡m|

Simple: I saw a bird flying. Complex: I saw a bird that was flying.

Simple: I found a boy playing. Complex: ............................................

Z‡e Pronominal object (me. us, you, him, them, her) _vK‡j Subject + verb + that/when + object wUi Subjective form + Tense Abyhvqx be verb + Present Participle hy³ Ask e‡m|

Simple : I saw him walking. Complex : I saw that he was walking.

Simple : I saw him reading. Complex : ......................................

Rule-31. Subject + verb + adjective + noun hy³ simple sentence ‡K complex Kivi wbqgt

(i) Sub + verb + noun e‡m|

(ii) Relative pronoun e‡m|

(iii) Tense Abyhvqx be verb + adjective wU e‡m|

Simple : I saw a lame man. Comlex : I saw a man who was lame.

Simple : I have a blue bird. Comlex : ............................................

Z‡e Adjective wU Subject ‡K qualify Ki‡j wbgœwjwLZ wbqg Abyqvqx cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nqt

It + tense Abyhvqx be verb + Subjcet + Sub Gi Relative pronoun + verb + adjective e‡m|

Simple : Work is worship. Complex: It is work which is worship.

Simple : Health is wealth. Complex : .........................................

Compound to Simple

Rule-32. Compound Sentence Gi Dfq As‡ki Subject GKB n‡j Zv‡K Simple Kivi mgq-

(i) cÖ_g As‡ki verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|

(ii) And, But BZ¨vw` D‡V wM‡q Z`¯’‡j Kgv e‡m|

(iii) cÖ_g As‡ki Subject-wU e‡m Ges evKx Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Compound: I went to market and bought a shirt. Simple: Going to market, I bought a shirt.

Compound: I paid the bill and I went out. Simple: .....................................................

Rule-33. Compound Sentence Gi GKwU Ask KviY eySv‡j Zv‡K Simple Kivi mgq-

(i) KviY hy³ As‡ki cÖ_‡g Because of e‡m|

(ii) Subject Gi possessive form (‡hgb he = his, they = their) e‡m|

Compound : He is ill and he cannot go to school.

Simple : Because of his illness, he cannot go to school.

Or,

He cannot go to school because of his illness.

Compound : The man was honest and he was rewarded.

Simple : .....................................................................

Rule-34. Compound Sentence- Gi Dfq As‡ki Subject wfbœ n‡j Zv‡K Simple Kivi mgq-

(i) cÖ_g As‡ki am/is/are/was/were Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m Ges have/has Gi cwie‡Z© having e‡m|

(ii) and D‡V w`‡q Kgv (,) e‡m |

Compound: The sea water was very salty and they could not drink it.

Simple : The sea-water being very salty, they could not drink it.

Compound: The sun had set and we returned home. Simple:....................................

Rule-35. ‘Or’ hy³ Compound Sentence-‡K simple Kivi mgq-

(i) cÖ_‡g Without e‡m|

(ii) g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq|

(iii) or Gi cwie‡Z© Kgv (,) e‡m Ges evKx Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Compound: Walk fast or you cannot get the train.

Simple: Without walking fast, you cannot get the train.

Compound: Learn English or you cannot get a good job.

Simple: ............................................................................

Rule-36. ‘But’ hy³ Compound Sentence ‡K Simple Kivi mgq-

(i) ‡h AskwU Øviv m‡Ë¡I eySvq Zvi cÖ_‡g Inspite of e‡m|

(ii) Subject Gi Possessive form e‡m|

(iii) Adjective Gi Noun form e‡m|

(iv) but’ Gi cwie‡Z© Kgv (,) e‡m|

Compound: He is weak but he can walk fast.Simple: In spite of his weakness, he can walk fast.

Compound: He is poor but he is honest. Simple:.....................................................................

Complex to Simple

Rule-37. Relative pronoun hy³ Complex Sentence ‡K Simple Kivi mgq-

(i) Relative pronoun D‡V hvq|

(ii) Relative pronoun Gi ci mvnvh¨Kvix verb _vK‡j D‡V hvq|

(iii) cieZx© As‡ki g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM nq|

(iv) evKx Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Complex: The writer lived in a cabin that belonged to the orphanage.

Simple: The writer lived in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.

Complex: I saw a boy who was crying. Simple: ........................................................

Rule-38. Since/As hy³ Complex Sentence Gi Dfq As‡ki Subject GK n‡j Ges Dfq As‡k g~j verb _vK‡j Zv‡K Simple Kivi mgq-

(i) Since/As D‡V hvq|

(ii) cÖ_g As‡ki verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|

(iii) wØZxq As‡ki subject Gi ¯’v‡b cÖ_g As‡ki subject e‡m|

(iv) evKx Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Complex: Since the old man killed the bird, he was punished.

Simple: Killing the bird, the old man was punished.

Complex: As he knew it, he told me. Simple: ...........................................

Rule-39. Since/As hy³ Clause Gi mv‡_ ïaygvÎ be verb _vK‡j Zv‡K Simple Kivi mgq-

(i) wØZxq Ask cÖ_‡g e‡m|

(ii) Because of + subject Gi Possessive

(iii) am / is / are / was / were- Gi cwie‡Z© being e‡m Ges Ext. e‡m |

Complex : Since he was small, he could not work hard.

Simple : He could not work hard because of his being small.

Complex : Since he was honest, he was rewarded.

Simple: ..................................................................

Rule-40. `ywU clause-Gi subject wfbœ n‡j Ges cÖ_g Clause — G ‘be’ verb _vK‡j Zv‡K Simple Kivi mgq

(i) Since/As/When D‡V hvq|

(ii) cÖ_g As‡ki Subject e‡m|

(iii) Am/is/are/was/were _vK‡j being Ges has/have/had _vK‡j having e‡m Ges evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Complex: Since the water was salty, they could not drink it.

Simple: The water being salty, they could not drink it.

Complex: When he entered the room, the meeting started.

Simple: .............................................................................

Rule-41. If Øviv MwVZ kZ©g~jK Complex Sentence ‡K Simple Kivi mgq

(i) Sentence-wU Negative n‡j Without Øviv Ges Affirmative n‡j By Øviv Avi¤¢ nq|

(ii) If ‡_‡K verb Gi c~e© ch©šÍ D‡V hvq|

(iii) If hy³ clause Gi g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM nq|

(iv) Verb Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m|

(v) wØZxq Clause-wU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Complex : If you do not work hard, you will not prosper in life.

Simple : Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.

Complex : If you work hard, you can succeed in life.

Simple : ......................................................................

Rule-42. ‘So that’ hy³ Complex Sentence-‡K Simple Kivi mgq so ‡_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i may/might/can/could ch©š— D‡V hvq Ges Gi cwie‡Z© to e‡m|

Complex: He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.

Simple: He worked hard to prosper in life.

Complex: We eat so that we may live. Simple: .........................................................

Ru1e-43. So......... that hy³ Complex Sentence-‡K simple Kivi mgq-

(i) So D‡V hvq Ges Gi cwie‡Z© too e‡m|

(iii) to e‡m Ges

Complex: He is so poor that he cannot buy a car. Simple: He is too poor to buy a car.

Complex: He was so busy that he could not attend the meeting. Simple: .....................................

Rule-44. Though/Although hy³ Complex Sentence-‡K Simple Kivi mgq--

(ii) Subject Gi possessive form e‡m|

(iii) g~j verb _vK‡j Zvi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| wKš‘ am/is/are/were _vK‡j being Ges have/has/had _vK‡j having e‡m|

(iv) wØZxq Ask e‡m|

Complex : Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed.

Simple : Inspite of his trying heart and soul, he could not succeed.

Complex : Although the man is poor, he is honest. Simple: ....................................................

(i) When D‡V hvq+When Gi c‡i †h Subject I verb _v‡K Zv D‡V hvq +

Complex : When it was daylight, I was half awakened by the sound of chopping.

Simple : At daylight. I was half awakened by the sound of chopping.

Complex : When it is spring, the cuckoo sings. Simple: In spring, the cuckoo sings.

Complex : When he was five, he left his village. Simple: ...........................................

Z‡e When Øviv †Kvb mgq bv eywS‡q †Kvb KvR Pjv eySv‡j ZLb At the time of + when hy³ As‡ki ing hy&³ verb+evwK clause wU e‡m|

Complex : When it was raining, he woke up. Simple: At the time of raining, he woke up.

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, when hy³ As‡k †Kvb Personal Subject Gi D‡jL _vK‡j D³ Subject wU Possessive iƒc e‡m|

Complex: When I was reading, he came. Simple: At the time of my reading he came.

Complex: When I was eating, he called me. Simple: .........................................................

Degree of Comparison

†h mKj Adjective GK Syllable wewkó A_©vr GKev‡i D”PvwiZ Zvi mv‡_ ----- er Ges ------ est ewm‡q Comparative I Superlative Kiv nq|

†h mKj Adjective GKvwaK Syllable wewkó A_©vr GKev‡i D”PvwiZ bv n‡q K‡qKevi D”PvwiZ nq, Zv‡`i c~‡e© more Ges most ewm‡q h_vµ‡g Comparative I Superlative Kiv nq|

Degree- Gi iæc

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Tall	taller	tallest
Small	Smaller	smallest
Beautiful	more Beautiful	most beautiful
Intelligent	more intelligent	most intelligent
Useful	more useful	most useful
Precious	more precious	most precious

wKš‘

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Good	Better	best
Bad	worse	worst

Superlative to Positive

Rule: 1. No other + Adjective-Gi †k‡li Ask + Verb + as + positive degree + as + Subject.

Sup : He is the best boy in the class. Pos : No other boy in the class is as good as he.

Sup : Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh. Pos : .................................................................

Rule-2. One of the _vK‡j very few e‡m |

Sup : He is one of the best boys in the class. Pos: Very few boys in the class are as good as he.

Sup : Rana is one of the most talented students in the class. Pos: ................................................

Comparative to Positive

Rule-3. Than any other / all other - _vK‡j

No other + any other ev all other Gi c‡ii Ask + verb + so/as + Positive + as + Subject

Com : Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.

Pos : No other city in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.

Com : Nipa is greater than any other girl in the school. Pos :.......................................................

Rule-4. Than most other / than few other _vK‡j

Very few + few other/most other Gi c‡ii Ask + verb Gi plural + as + Positive + as + Subject

Com : The cow is more useful than most other animals.

Pos : Very few animals are so useful as the cow.

Com : A.K FazIul Haque was greater than most other politicians in Bangladesh.

Pos : .............................................................................................................

Rule-5. mivmwi Zzjbv †evSv‡Z

Object + Verb Gi Negative + as + positive + as + Subject em‡e|

Com : Dhaka is bigger than Chittagong. Pos : Chittagong is not as big as Dhaka.

Com : He is taller than I. Pos : ......................................................

Superlative to Comparative

Ru1e-6. Superlative-‡K Comparative Degree ‡Z cwieZ©b Kivi mgq ev‡K¨i Superlative Degree (the best, the biggest, the tallest, the most BZ¨w`) DwV‡q w`‡q Z`¯’‡j Comparative Degree (better, bigger, taller, more BZ¨vw`) emv‡Z nq Ges Gi ciB than any other emv‡Z nq|

Sup : Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.

Com : Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh.

Sup : He is the best boy in the class. Com: ...............................................................

Ru1e-7. Of all hy³ _vK‡j than all other Ges one of the hy³ _vK‡j than most other e¨eüZ nq|

Sup : Akbar was the greatest of all kings in India.

Com : Akbar was greater than all other kings in India.

Sup : Karirn is one of the tallest boys in the class. Com: .............................................................

Positive to Comparative

Rule-8. No other hy³ Positive Degree ‡K Comparative Kivi mgq

Pos: No other boy in the class is as good as he.

Com: He is better than any other boy in the class.

Pos: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.

Com: .........................................................................

Rule-9. Very few _vK‡j than most other e‡m|

Pos : Very few metals are as costly as gold. Com: Gold is costlier than most other metals.

Pos: Very few boys are as brilliant as he. Com: .............................................................

Rule-10. As.......... as _vK‡j

Subject + verb + Affirmative n‡j not e‡m Ges Negative n‡j not D‡V hvq + Comparative + than + cÖ_g Subject ûeû e‡m|

Pos: He is as tall as his brother. Com: His brother is not taller than he.

Pos: Jamal is not as good as Rahim. Com: ...................................................

Positive to Superlative

Rule-11. †k‡li Subject + verb + no other _vK‡j the Ges very few _vK‡j one of the e‡m + No other Gi ci †_‡K verb Gi c~e© ch©šÍ e‡m|

Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as he. Sup: He is the tallest boy in the class.

Pos: Very few boys in the village are as tall as he. Sup: ...................................................

Comparative to Superlative

than any other _vK‡j the Ges than most other / than few other _vK‡j one of the e‡m |

Com: Jerry is taller than any other boy in the class.

Sup: Jerry is the tallest boy in the class.

Com: Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh.

Sup: .......................................................................................

Practice

1. Transform the underlined sentences as directed:

(a) Truthfulness is one of the noblest virtues in a man’s life. (Positive degree).

(b) It ennobles one’s character and gives one high position in the society. (Simple)

(d) A truthful person is loved and respected by all. (Active)

(e) A truthful person cares nobody (Negative).

2. Transform the underlined sentences as directed:

(a) Day to day life in Dhaka is expensive. (Negative)

(b) People living below the poverty line leads a miserable life. (Complex)

(d) The government has taken necessary measures to keep the price hike under control. (Passive)

(e) The people who are greedy are responsible for price spiral. (Simple)

3. Transform the underlined sentences as directed:

(a) Long long ago there was a king who was very pious. (Simple)

(b) People called him wise Solomon. (Passive)

(d) There was another ruler also named queen of Sheba. (Compound)

(e) One day she thought Solomon’s wisdom should not remain untested.(Compound)

4. Transform the underlined sentences as directed:

(a) Water, an important element, is polluted by various ways. (Complex)

(b) The water which is pure is necessary for us. (Simple)

(d) The farmers use water in time of cultivation largely. (Passive)

(e) It is one of the most important elements of all living beings. (Positive)

5. Transform the underlined sentences as directed:

(a) Cox’s Bazar sea beach is the longest sea beach in the world. (Complex)

(b) It is one of the most beautiful sea beaches in the world. (Positive)

(d) The visitors go there for enjoying natural beauties. (Compound)

(e) Those who become tired may go to relax there. (Simple)

All slides in JPJ

Transformation of sentences

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